RESEARCH STUDIES INDEX

A list of all the studies I've shared through my Substack newsletter by category.

Paid subscribers have access to all studies in the archives.

Free subscribers have access to studies shared in free newsletters from the last three months.

If you’d like full access to the archives and to receive the newsletter every week (instead of every two weeks), please subscribe.

---

ALTITUDE

• Effects of hypoxia on exercise-induced diaphragm fatigue in healthy males and females

• Time for a new metric for hypoxic dose?

• Periodization of altitude training: A collective case study of high-level swimmers

• Hemoglobin mass and performance responses during 4 weeks of normobaric “live high–train low and high”

• Women at altitude: Sex-related physiological responses to exercise in hypoxia

• Contemporary periodization of altitude training for elite endurance athletes

• Defining the "dose" of altitude training: how high to live for optimal sea level performance enhancement

• Changes in cycling economy and fractional utilization of V̇O₂peak during a 40-min maximal effort exercise test with acute hypobaric hypoxia corresponding to 2800m of altitude

• Effect of a 16-day altitude training camp on 3,000m steeplechase running energetics and biomechanics

• Variability in hemoglobin mass response to altitude training camps

• Absence of neocytolysis in humans returning from a 3-week high-altitude sojourn

• Cognitive impairment during combined normobaric vs. hypobaric and normoxic vs. hypoxic acute exposure

• Mask vs. tent: effect of hypoxia method on repeated sprint ability and physiological parameters in cyclists

• High or Hot – Perspectives on altitude camps and heat acclimation training as preparation for prolonged stage races

• Carbon monoxide supplementation: evaluating its potential to enhance altitude training effects and cycling performance in elite athletes

• Haemoglobin mass responses and performance outcomes among high-performance swimmers following a 3-week live-high, train-high camp at 2320m

• Immune consequences of exercise in hypoxia

---

BREATHING

• A smartphone enabled slow-paced breathing intervention in dual career athletes

---

COACHING

• Coaches’ perceptions of factors driving training adaptation

• Coach-athlete relationship and burnout symptoms among young elite athletes and the role of mental toughness as a moderator

---

DOWNHILL

• Neuromuscular, biomechanical, and energetic adjustments following repeated bouts of downhill running

• The time course of different neuromuscular adaptations to short-term downhill running training and their specific relationships with strength gains

• The repeated bout effect influences lower-extremity biomechanics during a 30-min downhill run

• Patellar tendon adaptations to downhill running training and their relationships with changes in mechanical stress and loading history

• Regular changes in foot strike pattern during prolonged downhill running do not influence neuromuscular, energetics, or biomechanical parameters

• Changes in running economy at different intensities following downhill running

---

ENVIRONMENT

1. Effect of ground technicity on cardio-respiratory and biomechanical parameters in uphill trail running

2. Whole-body kinematic adaptations to running on an unstable, irregular, and compliant surface

3. The effects of training with high-speed interval running on muscle performance are modulated by slope

4. Effects of weather parameters on endurance running performance

5. It is not just the work you do, but how you do it: The metabolic cost of walking uphill and downhill with varying grades

6. The modifications of hemoglobin, erythropoietin values and running performance while training at mountain vs. hilltop vs. seaside

7. Cardiopulmonary responses and muscle strength influence running performance parameters differently at different slopes

8. Runners adjust leg stiffness for their first step on a new running surface

9. The metabolic costs of walking and running up a 30-degree incline: implications for vertical kilometer foot races

10. Air speed and direction affect metabolic and thermoregulatory responses during walking and running in a temperate environment

---

EQUIPMENT

Equipment - SHOES

• Does orthotics use improve comfort, speed and injury rate during running?

• Running shoes for preventing lower limb running injuries in adults

• Individual physiological responses to changes in shoe bending stiffness

• Effects of the Nike ZoomX Vaporfly Next% 2 shoe on long-interval training performance, kinematics, neuromuscular parameters, running power and fatigue

• Effects of highly cushioned and resilient racing shoes on running economy at slower running speeds

• Bone stress injuries in runners using carbon fiber plate footwear

• Variability in running economy of Kenyan world-class and European amateur male runners with advanced footwear running technology

• Increasing shoe longitudinal bending stiffness is not beneficial to reduce energy cost during graded running

• Are running socks beneficial for comfort?

• Determining the effect and magnitude of advanced footwear technology on female distance running performance

• Influence of different midsole foam in advanced footwear technology use on running economy and biomechanics in trained runners

• The effect of advanced footwear technology on elite male marathon race speed

• Longitudinal bending stiffness does not affect running economy in Nike Vaporfly Shoes

• Recreational runners gain physiological and biomechanical benefits from supershoes at marathon paces

• Hazard of deceptive advertising of athletic footwear

• Can parallel use of different running shoes decrease running-related injury risk?

• Comparative effects of advanced footwear technology in track spikes and road-racing shoes on running economy

• The fallacy of single trials: The need for multiple trials in assessing running economy responses in advanced footwear technology

• Technologically advanced running shoes reduce oxygen cost and cumulative tibial loading per kilometer in recreational female and male runners

• The influence of “super-shoes” and foot strike pattern on metabolic cost and joint mechanics in competitive female runners

• Plantar flexor muscle activity and fascicle behavior in gastrocnemius medialis during running in highly cushioned shoes with carbon-fiber plates

Equipment - OTHER

• The acute effects of a percussive massage treatment with a Hypervolt device on plantar flexor muscles’ range of motion and performance

• lntramuscular pressure in the lower leg - Studies on chronic exertional compartment syndrome and effects of external compression

• Nasal dilator and physiological parameters associated to running performance

• Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) in sports - a comparison between a CGM device and lab-based glucose analyser under resting and exercising conditions in athletes

• CORE™ wearable sensor: Comparison against gastrointestinal temperature during cold water ingestion and a 5 km running time-trial

• Investigating sensor location on the effectiveness of continuous glucose monitoring during exercise in a non-diabetic population

• Near-Infrared Spectroscopy: More accurate than heart rate for monitoring intensity in running in hilly terrain

• Pole walking is faster but not cheaper during steep uphill walking

• Compression socks reduce running-induced intestinal damage

• Altered carbohydrate oxidation during exercise in overreached endurance athletes is applicable to training monitoring with continuous glucose monitors

• The optimal weight carriage system for runners: comparison between handheld water bottles, waist belts, and backpacks

• Is running power a useful metric? quantifying training intensity and aerobic fitness using Stryd running power near the maximal lactate steady state

• Sports bra restriction on respiratory mechanics during exercise

• Do poles save energy during steep uphill walking?

• The effect of neuromuscular electrical stimulation on the human skeletal muscle transcriptome

• Precision and accuracy of four handheld blood lactate analysers across low to high exercise intensities

• Enhanced cycling time-trial performance during multi-day exercise with higher-pressure compression garment wear

• Assessment of the Omius™ cooling headband effectiveness during a 70 min submaximal running effort followed by a 5km time-trial in hot/humid conditions

---

FATIGUE

1. How to tackle mental fatigue

2. Performance feedback mitigates the effects of mental fatigue on endurance exercise performance

3. The difference between several neuromuscular tests for monitoring resistance-training induced fatigue

4. Central and peripheral contributions to neuromuscular fatigue induced by a 24h treadmill run

5. Is there evidence for the suggestion that fatigue accumulates following resistance exercise?

6. “A sprained ankle is the biggest sign of mental fatigue”: A qualitative study of the perceptions and experiences of mental fatigue in professional ballet

7. Monitoring fatigue state with heart rate-based and subjective methods during intensified training in recreational runners

---

GENERAL

• How to succeed as an athlete

• Adherence to aerobic and muscle-strengthening activities guidelines

• A qualitative study of 11 world-class team-sport athletes’ experiences answering subjective questionnaires

• Athlete burnout

• Effect of two different weight-loss rates on body composition and strength and power-related performance in elite athletes

• Using beat frequency in music to adjust running cadence in recreational runners

---

HEAT

Heat - STRATEGIES DURING PERFORMANCE

• Effects of a head-cooling cap on 5km running performance in the heat

• A combination of ice ingestion and head cooling enhances cognitive performance during endurance exercise in the heat

• Conductive and evaporative precooling lowers mean skin temperature and improves time trial performance in the heat

• Wearing a cap, thermoregulation, and thermal sensation during running in a hot environment

• Cooling the neck region during exercise in the heat

• Performance benefits of pre- and per-cooling on self-paced versus constant workload exercise

• Ad libitum ice slurry ingestion and half-marathon performance in a hot environment

• Modelling thermoregulatory responses during high-intensity exercise in warm environments

• Gastric emptying during exercise: Effects of heat stress and hypohydration

Heat - ACCLIMATION

• The effects of post-exercise sauna bathing on 5 and 10km performance in university level track athletes

• Effectiveness of short-term isothermic-heat acclimation (4 days) on physical performance in moderately trained males

• Active heat acclimation does not alter muscle-tendon unit properties

• Longitudinal haematological responses to training load and heat acclimation preceding a male team pursuit cycling World Record

• Environmental heat stress offsets adaptation associated with carbohydrate periodization in trained male triathletes

• Heat adaptation for females

• Exertional heat stroke: nutritional considerations

• Evidence that heat acclimation training may alter sleep and incidental activity

• Heat preparation and knowledge at the world athletics race walking team championships Muscat 2022

• The effect of post-exercise heat exposure (passive heat acclimation) on endurance exercise performance

• Post-exercise hot water immersion and hot water immersion in isolation enhance vascular, blood marker, and perceptual responses when compared to exercise alone

• High or Hot – Perspectives on altitude camps and heat acclimation training as preparation for prolonged stage races

• Haematological adaptations to training with and without heat

---

HRV

• Training adaptation and heart rate variability in elite endurance athletes

• Practices and applications of heart rate variability monitoring in endurance athletes

• Daily cardiac autonomic responses during the Tour de France in a male professional cyclist

• Effect of endurance exercise training on heart rate variability at rest in healthy young and older men

---

HYDRATION

• Effects of dehydration and rehydration on cognitive performance

• Muscle blood flow is reduced with dehydration during prolonged exercise in humans

• The influence of hydration state on thermoregulation during a 161-km ultramarathon

• The effect of pre-exercise hyperhydration on exercise performance, physiological outcomes and gastrointestinal symptoms

• Exercise-induced hypohydration impairs 3 km treadmill-running performance in temperate conditions

• Perceived dehydration impairs endurance cycling performance in the heat in active males

• Considerations for ultra-endurance activities

• Effect of personalized sodium replacement on fluid and sodium balance and thermophysiological strain during and after ultraendurance running in the heat

• Ad-libitum fluid intake was insufficient to achieve euhydration 20h after intermittent running in male team sports athletes

• Hypohydration attenuates increases in creatinine clearance to oral protein loading and the renal hemodynamic response to exercise pressor reflex

---

INJURY and ILLNESS

• Musculoskeletal injuries in mountain running races

• Variations of workload indices prior to injuries: A study in trail runners

• Musculoskeletal injuries and illnesses in the Spanish team the month prior to the WMTRC 2022

• Decreased fatty acid oxidation and altered lactate production during exercise in patients with post-acute COVID-19 syndrome

• Prevalence of female and male athlete triad risk factors in ultramarathon runners

• Short-term carbohydrate restriction impairs bone formation at rest and during prolonged exercise to a greater degree than low energy availability

• Performance success or failure is explained by weeks lost to injury and illness in elite Australian Track and Field athletes

• A multifactorial evaluation of illness risk factors in athletes preparing for the Summer Olympic Games

• Debunking the myth of exercise-induced immune suppression

• Does acute fatigue negatively affect intrinsic risk factors of the lower extremity injury risk profile?

• Per-step and cumulative load at three common running injury locations: The effect of speed, surface gradient, and cadence

• The effects of exercise-based injury prevention programmes on injury risk in adult recreational athletes

• A case-based reasoning approach to post-injury training recommendations for marathon runners

---

INTERVALS

• High-intensity interval training: optimizing oxygen consumption and time to exhaustion taking advantage of the exponential reconstitution behaviour of D’

• Prescription of high-intensity aerobic interval training based on oxygen uptake kinetics

• High-intensity interval training, performance, and oxygen uptake kinetics in highly trained traditional rowers

• High intensity and sprint interval training, and work-related cognitive function in adults

• Aerobic high-intensity intervals are superior to improve V̇O2max compared with sprint intervals in well-trained men

• The relationship between power and the time to achieve V̇O2max

• Should I rest or should I go now? A randomized cross-over trial comparing fixed and self-selected rest durations in high-intensity interval training cycling sessions

• Moderate to Vigorous-intensity Continuous Training versus High intensity Interval Training for Improving VO2max in Women

• Aerobic high-intensity intervals are superior to improve V̇O2 Max compared with sprint intervals in well-trained men

• Influence of interval training frequency on time-trial performance in elite endurance athletes

• The higher fraction of VO2 Max during interval training, the greater gains in performance

• Effects of different uphill interval-training programs on running economy and performance

• Increased oxygen uptake in well-trained runners during uphill high intensity running intervals

• Interval training at higher percentages of VO2 Max induces greater training adaptions than lower percentages in cyclists

• Effects of passive or active recovery regimes applied during long-term interval training on physical fitness in healthy trained and untrained individuals

• A narrative review exploring advances in interval training for endurance athletes

• Comparison of acute physiological responses between one long and two short sessions of moderate-intensity training in endurance athletes

---

NUTRITION

Nutrition - CHO

• A high carbohydrate diet with a low glycaemic index improves training effects in male endurance athletes

• Carbohydrate, but not fat, oxidation is reduced during moderate-intensity exercise performed in 33 vs. 18°C at matched heart rates

• A signalling role for muscle glycogen in the regulation of pace during prolonged exercise

• Dose–response effect of pre-exercise carbohydrates under muscle glycogen unavailability

• Assessing exogenous carbohydrate intake needed to optimize human endurance performance across sex

• Reduced oxidation rates of ingested glucose during prolonged exercise with low endogenous CHO availability

• Regulation of muscle glycogen metabolism during exercise: Implications for endurance performance and training adaptations

• Effects of supplementing with an 18% carbohydrate-hydrogel drink versus a placebo during whole-body exercise in −5 °C with elite cross-country ski athletes

• Competition nutrition practices of elite ultramarathon runners

• Carbohydrate dose influences liver and muscle glycogen oxidation and performance during prolonged exercise

• Carbohydrate supplementation and the influence of breakfast on fuel use in hypoxia

• The impact of 48h high carbohydrate diets with high and low FODMAP content on gastrointestinal status and symptoms in response to endurance exercise, and subsequent endurance performance

Nutrition - CHO - SOURCES

• 13C-glucose-fructose labeling reveals comparable exogenous CHO oxidation during exercise when consuming 120 g/h in fluid, gel, jelly chew, or coingestion

• Comparable exogenous carbohydrate oxidation from lactose or sucrose during exercise

• Apple puree as a natural fructose source provides an effective alternative carbohydrate source for fueling half-marathon running performance

• Post-exercise muscle glycogen synthesis with glucose, galactose, and combined galactose-glucose ingestion

• Pectin-alginate does not further enhance exogenous carbohydrate oxidation in running

• A food first approach to carbohydrate supplementation in endurance exercise

Nutrition - CHO - LOADING

• Carbohydrate loading in human muscle: an improved 1 day protocol

• Rapid carbohydrate loading after a short bout of near maximal-intensity exercise

• Effect of different carbohydrate intakes within 24 hours after glycogen depletion on muscle glycogen recovery in Japanese endurance athletes

• Effect of altered pre-exercise carbohydrate availability on selection and perception of effort during prolonged cycling

Nutrition - CHO - PERIODIZATION

• The application of daily carbohydrate periodization throughout a cycling Grand Tour

• The quantification of daily carbohydrate periodization among endurance athletes during 12 weeks of self-selected training

• A five-week periodised carbohydrate diet does not improve maximal lactate steady-state exercise capacity and substrate oxidation in well-trained cyclists compared to a high-carbohydrate diet

• Self-reported periodization of nutrition in elite female and male runners and race walkers

Nutrition - CHO - RESTRICTION

• Chronic carbohydrate restriction improves endurance capacity and body composition in men and women

• Restricting sugar or carbohydrate intake does not impact physical activity level or energy intake over 24h despite changes in substrate use

• Omission of a carbohydrate-rich breakfast impairs evening endurance exercise performance despite complete dietary compensation at lunch

• Adherence to a ketogenic low-carbohydrate, high-fat diet is associated with diminished training quality in elite racewalkers

• Low and high carbohydrate isocaloric diets on performance, fat oxidation, glucose and cardiometabolic health in middle age males

• Carbohydrate restriction following strenuous glycogen-depleting exercise does not potentiate the acute molecular response associated with mitochondrial biogenesis in human skeletal muscle

• Graded reductions in pre-exercise muscle glycogen impair exercise capacity but do not augment skeletal muscle cell signaling: implications for CHO periodization

• A short-term ketogenic diet impairs markers of bone health in response to exercise

• Relationship between energy deficits and body composition in elite female gymnasts and runners

• Eight-hour time-restricted eating does not lower daily myofibrillar protein synthesis rates

• Energy deficiency impairs resistance training gains in lean mass but not strength

• Application of the IOC relative energy deficiency in sport (REDs) clinical assessment tool version 2 (CAT2) across 200+ elite athletes

Nutrition - PROTEIN

• Pre-sleep protein supplementation in professional cyclists during a training camp

• The muscle protein synthetic response to the ingestion of a plant-derived protein blend does not differ from an equivalent amount of milk protein in healthy young males

• Dose-response effects of dietary protein on muscle protein synthesis during recovery from endurance exercise in young men

• Pre-sleep protein ingestion increases mitochondrial protein synthesis rates during overnight recovery from endurance exercise

• Failure of protein to improve time trial performance when added to a sports drink

• Maximizing post-exercise anabolism: the case for relative protein intakes

• The effect of pre-exercise protein intake on substrate metabolism, energy expenditure, and energy intake

• How much protein can the body use in a single meal for muscle-building? Implications for daily protein distribution

• Pre-sleep casein protein ingestion does not impact next-day appetite, energy intake and metabolism in older individuals

• A comparison of dietary protein digestibility, based on DIAAS scoring, in vegetarian and non-vegetarian athletes

• Effect of whey protein supplementation on weight and body composition indicators

• A systematic review of renal health in healthy individuals associated with protein intake above the us recommended daily allowance in randomized controlled trials and observational studies

• Timing matters? The effects of two different timing of high protein diets on body composition, muscular performance, and biochemical markers in resistance-trained males

• Carbohydrate does not augment exercise-induced protein accretion versus protein alone

• Effect of milk protein addition to a carbohydrate-electrolyte rehydration solution ingested after exercise in the heat

• Effects of vegan and omnivore diet on post-downhill running economy and muscle function

Nutrition - OTHER

• Effect of a short-term low fermentable oligiosaccharide, disaccharide, monosaccharide and polyol (FODMAP) diet on exercise

• Exogenous ketosis suppresses diuresis and atrial natriuretic peptide during exercise

• Food and macronutrient intake of male adolescent Kalenjin runners in Kenya

• Neither chia flour nor whey protein supplementation further improves body composition or strength gains after a resistance training program in young subjects with a habitual high daily protein intake

• Ordered eating and its effects on various postprandial health markers

• Dietary observations of ultra-endurance runners in preparation for and during a continuous 24h event

• Can taste be ergogenic?

• Exercise-induced muscle damage and cardiac stress during a marathon could be associated with dietary intake during the week before the race

• Exploring the nutrition strategies employed by ultra-endurance athletes to alleviate exercise-induced gastrointestinal symptoms

• Fluctuations in food and fluid intake during a 24-h World Championship

• Dietary adjustments to altitude training in elite endurance athletes

• Effects of 8 week of 16:8 time-restricted eating in male middle- and long-distance runners

• Are the dietary-nutritional recommendations met? Analysis of intake in endurance competitions

• Nutrition and altitude: strategies to enhance adaptation, improve performance and maintain health

• Is an energy surplus required to maximize skeletal muscle hypertrophy associated with resistance training?

• Significant effect of a pre-exercise high-fat meal after a 3-day high-carbohydrate diet on endurance performance

• Nutritional strategies in an elite wheelchair marathoner at 3900m altitude

---

PACING

• Uneven but conservative pacing is associated with performance during uphill and downhill running

• Physiological demands of mountain running races

• The role of the rating of perceived exertion template in pacing

• Downhill Sections Are Crucial for Performance in Trail Running Ultramarathons

• Teleoanticipation in all-out short-duration cycling

• Monitoring heart rates to evaluate pacing on a 75km MUM

• Optimally controlling nutrition and propulsion force in a long distance running race

• Pacing strategy affects the sub-elite marathoner's cardiac drift and performance

• Cross-country skiers with a fast-start pacing pattern increase time-trial performance by use of a more even pacing strategy

• Pacing by winners of a 161km mountain ultramarathon

• Performance and pacing of professional IRONMAN triathletes: the fastest IRONMAN World Championship ever-IRONMAN Hawaii 2022

• Heart rate does not reflect the %VO2 Max in recreational runners during the marathon

• Pacing and heat stress independently and differentially affect elite marathon performance

---

PHYSIOLOGY

Physiology - HEART

• Echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular function 10 years after the ultra-endurance running event Eco-Trail de Paris® 2011

• Right ventricular changes in highly trained athletes

Physiology - REDS

• The return from underperformance to sustainable world-class level

• Is the response of human energy expenditure to increased physical activity additive or constrained?

• Physical performance during energy deficiency in humans

• Low energy availability reduces myofibrillar and sarcoplasmic muscle protein synthesis in trained females

• Medical and performance outcomes associated with indicators of low energy availability

• Relative energy deficiency in sport (RED-S) and the role of ultrarunning coaches according to two female ultrarunners

• Metabolic adaptations to weight loss

• Overtraining Syndrome (OTS) and Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S): Shared pathways, symptoms and complexities

• Direct and indirect impact of low energy availability on sports performance

• Application of the IOC relative energy deficiency in sport (REDs) clinical assessment tool version 2 (CAT2) across 200+ elite athletes

Physiology - VO2 MAX

• Maximal time spent at VO2max from sprint to the marathon

• Eager to set a record in a vertical race? Test your VO2max first!

• VO2max and velocity at VO2max play a role in ultradistance trail-running performance

• The relationship between hemoglobin and VO2 Max

• Lifelong endurance exercise as a countermeasure against age-related decline: Physiological overview and insights from masters athletes

• Standard deviation of individual response for VO2 Max following exercise intervention

Physiology - PREDICTING PERFORMANCE

• Elite vs. experienced male and female trail runners

• Physiological and biological factors associated with a 24h treadmill ultra-marathon performance

• Predicting trail running performance with laboratory exercise tests and field-based results

• Multi-disciplinary analysis of differences between finisher and non-finisher ultra-endurance mountain athletes

• Determinants of endurance in well-trained cyclists

• Are pre‐race serum blood biomarkers associated with the 24 hour ultramarathon race performance?

• Time-course changes of field- and laboratory-based performance indicators in junior cyclists through a season

• Peak running velocity or critical speed under field conditions: which best predicts 5km running performance in recreational runners?

Physiology - FEMALE ATHLETES

• Muscle performance during the menstrual cycle correlates with psychological well-being, but not fluctuations in sex hormones

• The effect of hormonal contraceptive use on skeletal muscle hypertrophy, power and strength adaptations to resistance exercise training

• Sex-related differences in profiles of muscle oxygen saturation of different muscles in trained cyclists during graded cycling exercise

• Minimal influence of the menstrual cycle or hormonal contraceptives on performance in female rugby league athletes

• Sex-based differences in haematological values after normalization to body mass or fat-free mass in adults matched for aerobic fitness

Physiology - WEIGHT

• Slow and steady, or hard and fast? a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies comparing body composition changes between interval training and moderate intensity continuous training

• Effects of weight cutting on exercise performance in combat athletes

• Dose-dependent effects of training and detraining on weight in 6406 runners during 7.4 years

Physiology - ENERGY METBOLISM / DIGESTION

• Acute postprandial glycemic response to exercise before and after meal ingestion

• The effect of gut‑training and feeding‑challenge on markers of gastrointestinal status in response to endurance exercise

• Effects of time-restricted eating on aerobic capacity, body composition, and markers of metabolic health in healthy male recreational runners

• The athletic gut microbiota

• Effect of prior exercise on glucose metabolism in trained men

• Fundamentals of glycogen metabolism for coaches and athletes

• Abnormal whole-body energy metabolism in iron-deficient humans despite preserved skeletal muscle oxidative phosphorylation

• Heterogeneity in subcellular muscle glycogen utilisation during exercise impacts endurance capacity in men

• Muscle glycogen storage after different amounts of carbohydrate ingestion

• Effects of food bar chewing duration on the physiologic, metabolic, and perceptual responses to moderate-intensity running

• Gut-training: the impact of two weeks’ repetitive gut-challenge during exercise on gastrointestinal status, glucose availability, fuel kinetics, and running performance

Physiology - INTENSITY DOMAINS

• Grey Zone: a gap between heavy and severe exercise domain

• Power output at the moderate-to-heavy intensity transition decreases in a non-linear fashion during prolonged exercise

• Is all work the same? Performance after accumulated work of differing intensities in male professional cyclists

Physiology - RUNNING ECONOMY

• The effects of an acute bout of foam rolling on hip range of motion on different tissues

• Reducing the peak tibial acceleration of running by music-based biofeedback

• Continuous analysis of marathon running using inertial sensors: Hitting two walls?

• Longer ground contact time is related to a superior running economy in highly trained distance runners

• Changes in running economy during a 65km ultramarathon

• The effect of marathon running on the lower extremity kinematics and muscle activities during walking and running tasks

• The effect of forward postural lean on running economy, kinematics, and muscle activation

Physiology - OTHER

• Muscle cramping in the marathon: Dehydration and electrolyte depletion vs. muscle damage

• Effects of a short-term in-season break on repeated-sprint ability, jump height and locomotor performance in SSGS in female soccer players

• Time to move from mandatory stretching? We need to differentiate “Can I?” from “Do I have to?”

• Inhibiting regional sweat evaporation modifies the ventilatory response to exercise

• Myonuclear alterations associated with exercise are independent of age in humans

• Acidosis attenuates CPT-I supported bioenergetics as a potential mechanism limiting lipid oxidation

• Aspects of respiratory muscle fatigue in a mountain ultramarathon race

• Is the use of hyperoxia in sports effective, safe and ethical?

• Exercise and mitochondrial health

• Improving the diagnosis of nonfunctional overreaching and overtraining syndrome

• Limits of ultra: towards an interdisciplinary understanding of ultra-endurance running performance

• Acute effects of different rest period durations after warm-up and dynamic stretching on endurance running performance in male runners

• Physical exercise and selective autophagy: benefit and risk on cardiovascular health

• Durability and underlying physiological factors: how do they change throughout a cycling season in semi-professional cyclists?

• Effects of foot-strike pattern on neuromuscular function during a prolonged graded run

• Defecation after magnesium supplementation enhances cognitive performance in triathletes

• Exercise training increases size of hippocampus and improves memory

• Warm-up in triathlon: Do triathletes follow the scientific guidelines?

• Achilles tendon thickness reduces immediately after a marathon

• Effects of exercise training on mitochondrial and capillary growth in human skeletal muscle

---

PSYCHOLOGY

• On the wisdom of not-knowing: reflections of an Olympic Canoe Slalom coach

• Effect of intensified training on cognitive function, psychological state & performance in trained cyclists

• The effect of mindfulness-based interventions on elite athlete mental health

• Mental health disorders in ultra endurance athletes per ICD-11 classifications

• The relationship between psychological stress and anxiety with gastrointestinal symptoms before and during a 56km ultramarathon running race

• Three weeks of mental training changes physiological outcomes during a time trial to exhaustion

• Volitional running and tone counting: the impact of cognitive load on running over natural terrain

• ‘You always wanna be sore, because then you are seeing results’: Novel insights into lived experiences of ‘positive pain’ in competitive swimming

• Strategic self-talk and running performance in a middle-distance race

• Negative self-talk in runners: Emotional intelligence and perceived stress as explanatory factors

• Improvement of 10km time-trial cycling with motivational self-talk compared with neutral self-talk

• Observer effects on the rating of perceived exertion and affect during exercise in recreationally active males

• Positive and negative spontaneous self-talk and performance in gymnastics

• Less is more - Cyclists-triathletes’ 30 min cycling time-trial performance is impaired with multiple feedback compared to a single feedback

---

RECOVERY

• Perceptions and use of recovery strategies: Do swimmers and coaches believe they are effective?

• A randomized controlled trial of manual therapy and pneumatic compression for recovery from prolonged running

• Effects of two different recovery postures during high-intensity interval training

• Is foam rolling as effective as its popularity suggests?

• Effect of a graded running race on lower limb muscle damage, jump performance and muscle soreness in men and women

• Autonomic recovery after exercise in trained athletes

---

SLEEP

• Is daytime napping an effective strategy to improve sport-related cognitive and physical performance and reduce fatigue?

• To nap or not to nap? A systematic review evaluating napping behavior in athletes and the impact on various measures of athletic performance

• Nutritional elements in sleep

• Sleep restriction between consecutive days of exercise impairs sprint and endurance cycling performance

• The effect of acute sleep deprivation on skeletal muscle protein synthesis and the hormonal environment

• To sleep dreaming medals: sleep characteristics, napping behavior, and sleep-hygiene strategies in elite track-and-field athletes facing the Olympic games of Tokyo 2021

• Associations between sleep and in-race gastrointestinal symptoms: an observational study of running and triathlon race competitors

• The impact of a 40-min nap on neuromuscular fatigue profile and recovery following the 5m shuttle run test

• Effects of acute sleep loss on physical performance

• Manipulating sleep duration perception changes cognitive performance

• The night-time sleep and autonomic activity of male and female professional road cyclists competing in the Tour de France and Tour de France Femmes

• Sleep hygiene and light exposure can improve performance following long-haul air travel

---

STRENGTH

• Resistance training for middle-aged runners

• Effectiveness of an 18-week general strength and foam-rolling intervention on running-related injuries in recreational runners

• A randomized study of a strength training program to prevent injuries in runners of the New York City marathon

• Foot core training to prevent running-related injuries

• Effects of short-term concurrent training cessation on the energy cost of running and neuromuscular performances in middle-distance runners

• The minimum effective training dose required to increase 1RM strength in resistance-trained men

• Physiological responses and adaptations to lower load resistance training

• Long-term time-course of strength adaptation to minimal dose resistance training through retrospective longitudinal growth modeling

• Effect of resistance training frequency on gains in muscular strength

• Are trainees lifting heavy enough? Self-selected loads in resistance exercise

• Effects of strength, explosive and plyometric training on energy cost of running in ultra-endurance athletes

• Effects of plyometric training on lower body muscle architecture, tendon structure, stiffness, and physical performance

• Eight weeks of heavy strength training increases hemoglobin mass and VO2peak in well-trained to elite female and male rowers

• The effect of strength training on performance indicators in distance runners

• Correlation of eccentric strength, reactive strength, and leg stiffness with running economy in well-trained distance runners

• Effect of strength training programs in middle- and long-distance runners’ economy at different running speeds

• Resistance-only and concurrent exercise induce similar myofibrillar protein synthesis rates and associated molecular responses in moderately active men before and after training

• Does the addition of lower-body aerobic exercise as a warm-up improve upper-body resistance training performance more than a specific warm-up alone?

• Concurrent endurance training with either plyometric or dynamic body-weight training both improve running economy with minimal or no changes in running biomechanics

• Evidence for simultaneous muscle atrophy and hypertrophy in response to resistance training in humans

• Long-term resistance trained human muscles have more fibres, more myofibrils and tighter myofilament packing than untrained

• Effects of 6-week weighted-jump-squat training with and without eccentric load reduction on explosive performance

• Is post-exercise muscle soreness a valid indicator of muscular adaptations?

• Hamstrings hypertrophy is specific to the training exercise: Nordic hamstring versus lengthened state eccentric training

• Exercise-induced changes in triceps surae tendon stiffness and muscle strength affect running economy in humans

• Efficacy of depth jumps to elicit a post-activation performance enhancement in junior endurance runners

• Order of same-day concurrent training influences some indices of power development, but not strength, lean mass, or aerobic fitness in healthy, moderately-active men after 9 weeks of training

---

SUPPLEMENT

Supplement - KETONES

• Ketone monoester plus carbohydrate supplementation does not alter exogenous and plasma glucose oxidation or metabolic clearance rate during exercise in men compared with carbohydrate alone

• Exogenous ketosis improves sleep efficiency and counteracts the decline in REM sleep following strenuous exercise

• Acute ketone monoester supplementation impairs 20-min time-trial performance in trained cyclists

• Exogenous ketone supplements in athletic contexts

• Exogenous ketosis increases circulating dopamine concentration and maintains mental alertness in ultra-endurance exercise

• Exogenous ketosis elevates circulating erythropoietin and stimulates muscular angiogenesis during endurance training overload

• Exogenous ketosis impacts neither performance nor muscle glycogen breakdown in prolonged endurance exercise

• Ketone ester supplementation blunts overreaching symptoms during endurance training overload

• Exogenous ketosis attenuates acute mountain sickness and mitigates high-altitude hypoxemia

• Acute ingestion of a ketone monoester without co-ingestion of carbohydrate improves running economy in male endurance runners

• Ketone monoester ingestion increases post-exercise serum erythropoietin concentrations in healthy men

• No benefit of ingesting a low-dose ketone monoester supplement on markers of cognitive performance in females

• No benefit of ingestion of a ketone monoester supplement on 10km running performance

Supplement - BICARBONATE

• Effects of sodium bicarbonate supplementation on muscular strength and endurance

• Sodium bicarbonate and high-intensity-cycling capacity

• The effects of a carbohydrate hydrogel system for the delivery of bicarbonate mini-tablets on acid–base buffering and gastrointestinal symptoms in resting well-trained male cyclists

• Sodium bicarbonate induces alkalosis, but improves high-intensity cycling performance only when participants expect a beneficial effect: a placebo and nocebo study

• Effect of sodium bicarbonate on prolonged running performance

Supplement - CAFFEINE

• Effects of moderate exercise on the pharmacokinetics of caffeine

• Caffeine ingestion during exercise to exhaustion in elite distance runners

• Caffeine during exercise in the heat

• The effect of caffeine on subsequent sleep

• Caffeine enhances 10-km cycling performance in habitual users only when preceded by caffeine abstinence

• Caffeine delays autonomic recovery following acute exercise

• Can I have my coffee and drink it? A systematic review and meta-analysis to determine whether habitual caffeine consumption affects the ergogenic effect of caffeine

• Belief that caffeine ingestion improves performance in a 6-minute time trial test without affecting pacing strategy

• Caffeine ingestion compromises thermoregulation and does not improve cycling time to exhaustion in the heat amongst males

• Effects of various caffeine doses on cognitive abilities in female athletes with low caffeine consumption

• Is coffee a useful source of caffeine pre-exercise?

Supplement - CREATINE

• Can creatine combat the mental fatigue-associated decrease in visuomotor skills?

• No additive effect of creatine, caffeine, and sodium bicarbonate on intense exercise performance in endurance-trained individuals

• The effect of creatine supplementation on resistance training–based changes to body composition

• Changes in serum creatine kinase, leg muscle tightness, and delayed onset muscle soreness after a full marathon race

Supplement - OTHER

• Effects of capsaicin and capsiate on endurance performance

• The key role of nutritional elements on sport rehabilitation

• Substance use and misuse in a mountain ultramarathon

• The effectiveness of daily and alternate day oral iron supplementation in athletes with suboptimal iron status

• Supplements and nutritional interventions to augment high-intensity interval training physiological and performance adaptations

• Collagen protein ingestion during recovery from exercise does not increase muscle connective protein synthesis rates

• Neither beetroot juice supplementation nor increased carbohydrate oxidation enhance economy of prolonged exercise in elite race walkers

• Effects of collagen and exercise on tendon properties and pain

• Effect of different drinks on the absorption of non-heme iron from composite meals

• Iron absorption in highly trained male runners: Does it matter when and where you eat your iron?

• Effects of ibuprofen during 42km trail running on oxidative stress, muscle fatigue, muscle damage and performance

• Beta-alanine did not improve high-intensity performance throughout simulated road cycling

• What is the effect of paracetamol (acetaminophen) ingestion on exercise performance?

• Is there a role of beetroot consumption on the recovery of oxidative status and muscle damage in ultra-endurance runners?

• The effect of curcumin supplementation on functional strength outcomes and markers of exercise-induced muscle damage

• Efficacy of vitamin C supplementation on collagen synthesis and oxidative stress after musculoskeletal injuries

• The effect of 8-day oral taurine supplementation on thermoregulation during low-intensity exercise at fixed heat production in hot conditions of incremental humidity

• Thermal and cardiovascular responses during exertional heat stress after diphenhydramine use

• Effects of magnesium supplementation on muscle soreness in different type of physical activities

• No effect of a commercial carbohydrate-menthol drink on thermal perceptual measures or 15-min time trial performance compared to commercial carbohydrate drink in hot humid conditions

• Effects of non-nutritive sweeteners on body weight and BMI in diverse clinical contexts

• Placebo effect of caffeine on physiological parameters and physical performance

---

SWIMMING

• The effect of paddles on pressure and force generation at the hand during front crawl

• Force production during maximal front crawl tethered swimming: exploring bilateral asymmetries and differences between breathing and non-breathing conditions

• Which phases of the stroke cycle are propulsive in front crawl swimming?

• Does social media use on smartphones influence endurance, power, and swimming performance in high-level swimmers?

• Analysis of pacing and kinematics in 3000m freestyle in elite level swimmers

• Role of kicking action in front crawl

• Lower lung-volume level induces lower vertical centre of mass position and alters swimming kinematics during front-crawl swimming

---

TAPERING

• Effects of tapering on performance

• Longer disciplined tapers improve marathon performance for recreational runners

---

TRAINING

Training - PERIODIZATION

• Addressing the confusion within periodization research

• Training periodization, intensity distribution, and volume in trained cyclists

• The effect of polarized training (SIT, HIIT, and ET) on muscle thickness and anaerobic power in trained cyclists

• Periodization theory: confronting an inconvenient truth

• Block periodization of endurance training

• Training load, neuromuscular fatigue, and well-being of elite male volleyball athletes during an in-season mesocycle

• Effects of including sprints in one weekly low-intensity training session during the transition period of elite cyclists

• Improved VO2 Max and time trial performance with more high aerobic intensity interval training and reduced training volume

• Elite swimmers’ training patterns in the 25 weeks prior to their season’s best performances

Training - LOAD

• Training load and performance impairments in professional cyclists during COVID-19 lockdown

• Training load and acute performance decrements following different training sessions

• How to monitor training load and mode using sRPE

• Monitoring athlete training loads

• The quantification of training load, the training response and the effect on performance

• Psychological monitoring and modulation of training load of world-class canoeists

• Relationship between various training-load measures in elite cyclists during training, road races, and time trials

• Validity of the training-load concept

• Monitoring athletes during training camps: observations and translatable strategies from elite road cyclists and swimmers

• Refuting the myth of non‐response to exercise training: ‘non‐responders’ do respond to higher dose of training

• Intensity matters: Effect of different work-matched efforts on subsequent performance in cyclists

• Training regimen of an elite ultramarathon runner: A case study of what led up to the 24-hour World-Record run

Training - INTENSITY DISTRIBUTION

• Best Time of Day for strength and endurance training to improve health and performance

• The training intensity distribution among well-trained and elite endurance athletes

• Quantifying the training-intensity distribution in middle-distance runners: the influence of different methods of training-intensity quantification

• The proportional distribution of training by elite endurance athletes at different intensities during different phases of the season

• Training intensity distribution, training volume, and periodization models in elite swimmers

• Demarcation of intensity from 3 to 5 zones aids in understanding physiological performance progression in highly trained under-23 rowing athletes

• Effects of 16 weeks of pyramidal and polarized training intensity distributions in well-trained endurance runners

• Gold, silver or bronze: circadian variation strongly affects performance in Olympic athletes

• Long-term development of performance, physiological, and training characteristics in a world-class female biathlete

• How to equalize high- and low-intensity endurance exercise dose

• Interactions between monthly training volume, frequency and running distance per workout on marathon time

Training - PERCEIVED EFFORT

• Perceived Exertion: revisiting the history and updating the neurophysiology and the practical applications

• Differences in execution and perception of training sessions as experienced by (semi-) professional cyclists and their coach

• An integrated perspective of effort and perception of effort

Training - OVERREACHING

• Functional overreaching in endurance athletes

• Functional Overreaching

Training - DETRAINING

• Maintaining physical performance: The minimal dose of exercise needed to preserve endurance and strength over time

• Physiological effects of tapering and detraining in world-class kayakers

• Does taking a break matter? Adaptations in muscle strength and size between continuous and periodic resistance training

Training - OTHER

• Estimating the cost of training disruptions on marathon performance

• Differences in training and health characteristics between trail ultrarunners and shorter distance runners

• Prior brain endurance training improves endurance exercise performance

• Progressive daily hopping exercise improves running economy in amateur runners

• Prior band-resisted squat jumps improves running and neuromuscular performance in middle-distance runners

• Longitudinal changes in maximal oxygen uptake in adolescent girls and boys with different training backgrounds

• Skeletal muscle adaptation: training twice every second day vs. training once daily

• Physiological Response Differences between Run and Cycle High Intensity Interval Training Program in Recreational Middle Age Female Runners

  Effects of Bed Rest on Physical Performance in Athletes

• Training quality—What is it and how can we improve it?

• Effects of the order of endurance and high intensity interval exercise in combined training on mice skeletal muscle metabolism

• A single-arm trial on the influence of weighted vest on power and kinematics in trained trail runners

• The evolution of world-class endurance training

• Reducing impact loading in runners

• Comparison of high- vs. low-responders following a 6-month XC ski-specific training period

• One week of step reduction lowers myofibrillar protein synthesis rates in young men

• Concurrent strength and endurance training: A systematic review and meta-analysis on the impact of sex and training status

• Effect of brain endurance training on maximal oxygen uptake, time-to-exhaustion, and inhibitory control in runners

• Acute and chronic performance enhancement in rowing: A network meta-analytical approach on the effects of nutrition and training

• Quantitative analysis of 92 12-week sub-elite marathon training plans

• Effect of 6-week sprint training on long-distance running performance in highly trained runners

• The effects of continuous compared to accumulated exercise on health

• Background inactivity blunts metabolic adaptations to intense short-term training

• How do new runners maintain their running, and what leads to others stopping?

• “Smells like team spirit” the association between running club membership and performance in the London Marathon

---

Sils, Engadin valley.